Intervenciones cognitivas a través de realidad virtual en personas con Deterioro Cognitivo Leve: Una Revisión Sistemática

Introducción: La posibilidad de reversión del Deterioro Cognitivo Leve (DCL) ha generado diversas investigaciones en búsqueda de tratamiento, entre ellas la estimulación cognitiva a través de realidad virtual (RV). No obstante su uso, no existe aún evidencia acerca de las modalidades y efectos en personas con DCL. Objetivo: Sistematizar las características de los estudios que han utilizado intervenciones cognitivas con RV en personas con DCL, describir sus efectos y establecer recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones en base a las limitaciones reportadas. Métodos: revisión sistemática de estudios publicados entre 2010 y 2020, en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y Pubmed. Resultados: Se identificaron 14 estudios con programas que emplearon mayoritariamente RV de tipo inmersiva, con el "supermercado" como escenario virtual más frecuente. En siete trabajos se intervino una función cognitiva, siendo la memoria y las funciones ejecutivas las más intervenidas. Los instrumentos de evaluación se concentraron en medidas cognitivas, con escasa evaluación de variables neuropsiquiátricas y de calidad de vida. Trece estudios informaron mejoras a nivel cognitivo general o por dominio específico. Conclusiones: La utilización de RV, inmersiva y no inmersiva, ha tenido resultados positivos en el rendimiento cognitivo general o específico por dominio, de personas con DCL, sin embargo, debido a la incipiente y limitada evidencia de su uso en personas con esta patología, no es posible determinar la sostenibilidad de estos resultados y la generalización de estas intervenciones hacia las actividades de la vida diaria. Se recomienda realizar intervenciones con entornos reales y seguimiento post-intervención.

Introduction: The possibility of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) reversal has generated numerous studies in search of treatment, including cognitive stimulation through virtual reality (VR). Despite its use, there is still no evidence about the modalities and effects in people with MCI. Aim: To systematize the characteristics of the studies that have used cognitive interventions with VR cognitive in people with MCI, describe their effects and to establish recommendations for future research based on the limitations reported. Methods: systematic review of studies published between 2010 and 2020, in the Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed databases. Results: 14 studies were identified with programs that mostly used immersive VR, with the "supermarket" as the most frequent virtual scenario. In seven studies only one cognitive function was involved, with memory and executive functions being the most intervened. The assessment instruments focused on cognitive measures, with little assessment of neuropsychiatric and quality of life variables. Thirteen studies reported improvements on the general cognitive level or by specific domain. Conclusions: The use of immersive and non-immersive VR has had positive results in the general or domain-specific cognitive performance of people with MCI, however, due to the incipient and limited evidence of its use in people with this pathology, it is not possible to determine the sustainability of these results and the generalization of these interventions regarding daily living activities. Interventions with real environments and post-intervention follow-up are recommended.

Remote cognitive rehabilitation of attention: a case series pilot study with post-stroke patients / Reabilitação cognitiva remota da atenção: um estudo piloto de séries de casos com pacientes pós-AVC

ABSTRACT Cognitive deficits are highly prevalent following a stroke, with memory, attention, and psychomotor speed being among the most affected functions. Prior research indicates that cognitive rehabilitation for stroke patients yields substantial improvements in cognitive performance and concurrently exerts a positive influence on reducing depressive symptoms. Objective: The goal of this study was to provide a description and assessment of the influence of cognitive rehabilitation on the attentional performance and depressive symptoms of individuals diagnosed with stroke. Methods: Participants underwent a neuropsychological assessment both prior to and following a 15-week remote cognitive rehabilitation intervention. This intervention involved the implementation of various cognitive tasks aimed at rehabilitating attentional skills. Results: The outcomes of the individualized descriptive assessment revealed a no table inclination towards enhanced attentional performance. The comparative results indicated that the cognitive rehabilitation intervention for stroke patients proved effective in facilitating a substantial reduction in depressive symptoms and enhancing participants' alternating attention. While it is acknowledged that certain individuals may still exhibit deficiencies in various facets of attentional performance, cognitive rehabilitation contributed to the clinical amelioration of these individuals. Conclusion: Clinical improvement holds profound significance in the day-to-day existence of these individuals, bolstering their autonomy and fortifying their sense of self-efficacy, as attested by their personal perceptions and self-reports.

RESUMO Os déficits cognitivos são altamente prevalentes após um acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), sendo a memória, a atenção e a velocidade psicomotora algumas das funções mais afetadas. Pesquisas anteriores demonstram que a reabilitação cognitiva em pacientes com AVC resulta em melhorias substanciais no desempenho cognitivo e exerce simultaneamente uma influência positiva na redução dos sintomas depressivos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi fornecer uma descrição e avaliação da influência da reabilitação cognitiva no desempenho da atenção e de sintomas depressivos de indivíduos diagnosticados com AVC. Métodos: Os participantes foram submetidos a uma avaliação neuropsicológica antes e depois de uma intervenção de reabilitação cognitiva remota de 15 semanas. Essa intervenção envolveu a implementação de várias tarefas cognitivas destinadas à reabilitação das habilidades de atenção. Resultados: Os resultados da avaliação descritiva individualizada revelaram notável tendência para o aprimoramento do desempenho da atenção. Os resultados comparativos revelaram que a intervenção de reabilitação cognitiva para pacientes com AVC se mostrou eficaz na facilitação de uma redução substancial nos sintomas depressivos e no aprimoramento da atenção alternada dos participantes. Embora seja reconhecido que certos indivíduos ainda podem apresentar prejuízo no desempenho atencional, a reabilitação cognitiva contribuiu para a melhora clínica desses indivíduos. Conclusão: A melhora clínica possui profunda significância na existência cotidiana desses indivíduos, fortalecendo sua autonomia e reforçando sua sensação de autoeficácia, como atestado por suas percepções pessoais e relatos próprios.

Eficacia de la terapia de estimulación cognitiva asistida por tecnología en pacientes con demencia / Efficacy of technology-assisted cognitive stimulation therapy in patients with dementia

De la mano del envejecimiento poblacional, la demencia o trastorno neurocognitivo mayor afecta a una cantidad cada vez mayor de personas, lo que implica un alto costo para los servicios de salud. Las guías de práctica clínica recomiendan ofrecer terapias de estimulación cognitiva a las personas afectadas y cada vez es más común el empleo de herramientas tecnológicas que permiten su aplicación a gran escala a pesar de la incertidumbre acerca de su beneficio.En este artículo revisamos la evidencia más actualizada sobre la eficacia de las herramientas computarizadas para el entrenamiento cognitivo de pacientes con demencia. Encontramos algunos estudios que sugieren que podría haber una posible mejora cognitiva en los pacientes con demencia y en la calidad de vida de sus cuidadores. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios no fueron de buena calidad metodológica, fueron realizados con un número limitado de pacientes, en periodos poco prolongados, y los desenlaces fueron evaluados a través de múltiples pruebas de difícil interpretación. (AU)

With the increasing population aging, dementia or major neurocognitive disorder affects a growing number of people,incurring a substantial burden on healthcare services. Clinical practice guidelines recommend providing cognitive stimulation therapies to affected individuals, and the use of technological tools for implementing therapies on a large scale is increasingly common despite the uncertainty about their benefits.In this article, we reviewed the most up-to-date evidence on the effectiveness of computerized tools for cognitive training in patients with dementia. We found some studies that suggest that there could be a possible cognitive improvement in patients with dementia and in the quality of life of their caregivers. However, most studies were not of good methodological quality, were carried out with a limited number of patients, in short periods of time, and the outcomes were evaluated through multiple tests that were difficult to interpret. (AU)

Effects of long-time needle retaining at Baihui(GV20)on post-stroke cognitive impairment / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of long-time needle retaining at Baihui(GV20)on post-stroke cognitive impairment(PSCI)and its effects on the cognitive ability and living ability of the patients.Methods:A total of 62 PSCI patients were divided into a control group and an observation group by the random number table method,with 31 cases in each group.The control group was treated with routine treatment for stroke in the recovery period plus cognitive training.The observation group received additional acupuncture at Baihui(GV20)with long-time needle retaining based on the same intervention in the control group.The Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA)was used to evaluate the cognitive ability of patients.The activities of daily living(ADL)scale was used to evaluate the living ability of patients.And the mini-mental state examination(MMSE)scale was used to evaluate the mental state,concentration,language,and abstraction cognition of patients.After 4 weeks,the curative efficacy was observed,and the scores of cognitive level,living ability,mental state and concentration,language,and abstraction understanding ability were compared between the two groups.Results:During the trial,1 patient in each group dropped out due to personal reasons and was unable to continue the treatment.After 4 weeks of treatment,the total effective rate was 83.3%in the observation group and 66.7%in the control group,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05);the scores of MoCA,ADL,and MMSE,and scores of concentration,language ability,and abstraction understanding ability were all increased,and were statistically different from those before treatment in each group(P<0.05);the scores in the observation group were all higher than those in the control group,and the differences between the groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:On the basis of routine treatment and cognitive training,the clinical efficacy of additional acupuncture at Baihui(GV20)with long-time needle retaining in the treatment of PSCI is better than that of routine treatment plus cognitive training;the treatment can better improve the cognitive function and mental state of patients,and improve their living ability.

Cognitive Memory Training with Healthy Elderly: Meta-Analysis and Comparison of Strategies / Treino Cognitivo de Memória com Idosos Saudáveis: Metanálise e Comparação de Estratégias

Abstract Memory training is an alternative for cognitive improvement with elderly, currently evidenced in Brazilian research. Nevertheless, there is no verification of the differences between types of training, in order to identify the effectiveness of different strategies in intervention. Therefore, this paper seeks to compare strategies adopted in the Brazilian context. A meta-analysis was carried out, evaluating the effect size, publication bias and heterogeneity of the studies. The results indicate a statistically insignificant effect from insignificant to moderate on the worked memory subsystems, although with a moderate and significant effect on incidental memory. The presence of bias in publications and high heterogeneity between studies are indicated. Subsequent meta-analyses should associate the results with methodological characteristics of the works.

Resumo O treino cognitivo é um recurso possível para o aprimoramento da memória. Este trabalho busca comparar a eficácia de estratégias de treino de memória com idosos adotadas no contexto brasileiro. Pesquisou-se por estudos que apresentassem ensaios clínicos sobre efeitos de diferentes estratégias de memorização com idosos brasileiros. Realizou-se uma metanálise do tamanho de efeito (g de Hedges) das estratégias de nove estudos que resultaram com essas características. Evidenciaram-se efeitos do treino de insignificantes a moderados, mas não estatisticamente significativos, sobre as memórias de trabalho, episódica e semântica, além de moderado e significativo sobre a memória incidental. Isso indica que estudos brasileiros têm apresentado programas de treino com estratégias de memorização com efeito no máximo moderado sobre a memória de idosos.

Rehabilitación neuropsicológica en pacientes pre y posquirúrgicos de lobectomía temporal por epilepsia fármaco resistente / Neuropsychological rehabilitation in pre- and post-surgical temporal lobectomy patients for drug-resistant epilepsy

Introducción. La epilepsia del lóbulo temporal suele producir déficits mnésicos, atencionales y del lenguaje. En la mayoría de los casos, se trata con fármacos an-tiepilépticos, pero falla en un tercio de ellos. Por tal razón, una opción terapéutica es la lobectomía temporal, que contribuye a menguar las crisis. Sin embargo, los procedimientos quirúrgicos pueden conllevar secuelas, entre ellas consecuencias a nivel cognitivo. Para contrarrestar dichos efectos, se acostumbra llevar a cabo una rehabilitación neuropsicológica que va en pro de recuperar, fortalecer y sostener en el tiempo habilidades que ya venían afectándose desde antes de la cirugía. Objetivo. Brindar una reflexión en torno a la intervención neuropsicológica de la epilepsia en el lóbulo temporal. Método. La reflexión sobre el tema parte de un interés clínico y posteriormente se fue ampliando a partir de la revisión de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos como PubMed, Medline y Scopus entre los años 2000 y 2021. Reflexión. Son amplias las opciones terapéuticas a nivel neuropsicológico y pueden contribuir de manera positiva en la recuperación del paciente, por lo cual los profe-sionales requieren conocer las posibilidades de ello para poder utilizar las estrategias más adecuadas según cada caso y brindar opciones que beneficien la calidad de vida, teniendo en cuenta que ninguna es más efectiva que otra. Conclusión. Como resultado, se presenta un panorama general de la rehabilitación neuropsicológica en pacientes pre y posquirúrgicos con lobectomía, haciendo énfasis en la rehabilitación neuropsicológica tradicional y la rehabilitación basada en inteli-gencia artificial, realidad virtual y computación

Introduction. Temporal lobe epilepsy usually produces mnestic, attentional, and language deficits. In most cases, it is treated with antiepileptic drugs, but one third of them fail, so one therapeutic option is temporal lobectomy, which helps to reduce seizures. However, surgical procedures can have sequelae, including cognitive con-sequences. To counteract these effects, neuropsychological rehabilitation is usually carried out in order to recover, strengthen, and sustain in time skills that were already affected before the surgery. Objective. To provide a reflection on the neuropsychological intervention of tem-poral lobe epilepsy. Method. The reflection on the subject starts from a clinical interest and was sub-sequently expanded from the review of the literature in different databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Scopus between 2000 and 2021. Reflection. There are many therapeutic options at the neuropsychological level and they can contribute positively to the patient's recovery, so professionals need to know the possibilities in order to use the most appropriate strategies according to each case and provide options that benefit the quality of life, taking into account that none is more effective than the other one.Conclusion. As a result, an overview of neuropsychological rehabilitation in pre- and post-surgical patients with lobectomy is presented, with emphasis on traditional neuropsychological rehabilitation and rehabilitation based on artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and computation

Effect of cognitive training intervention on attention deficit of methamphetamine-dependent female youth / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of methamphetamine (MA) dependence on the attention of female youth, and to analyze the intervention effect of computer-based cognitive training on the attention of MA-dependent female youth.Method:From May to August 2021, a total of 64 MA-dependent female youths in abstinence period from a women's compulsory isolated drug rehabilitation center in Sichuan Province were selected as the MA group, and 53 ordinary female youths matched with their age and education level were selected as the normal control group.According to the matching principle of age, education level, and attention pre-test scores, the subjects in MA-dependent group were divided into MA-dependent intervention group( n=30)and MA-dependent waiting group( n=34). CogniPlus cognitive training system was used to train the attention of subjects in MA-dependent intervention group( n=30), while the subjects in MA-dependent waiting group( n=34) and normal control group did not receive training.The Vienna Test System was used to collect the attention scores of all subjects.SPSS 20.0 analysis software was used for data processing.Statistical analysis was performed using independent samples t test and paired samples t test. Results:The MA-dependent group had significantly longer endogenous alertness, temporary alertness, and concentration response time ((275.61±47.79)ms, (268.63±51.41)ms, (444.08±134.40)ms) compared with the normal control group ((247.02±34.09)ms, (237.60±46.04)ms, (355.15±44.37)ms) ( t=3.767, 3.405, 4.976; all P<0.05). After attention training, the post-test reaction time of endogenous alertness, temporary alertness, and concentration ((264.10±38.98)ms, (251.67±38.06)ms, (352.03±65.70)ms) in the MA-dependent intervention group were significantly shorter than those in the MA-dependent waiting group ((323.18±83.28)ms, (302.74±82.75)ms, (402.76±74.34)ms) ( t=-3.702, -3.232, -2.876; all P<0.05). The post-test reaction time of temporary alertness and concentration in the MA-dependent intervention group ((251.67±38.06)ms, (352.03±65.70)ms)were shorter than those of the pre-test ((265.70±37.84)ms, (428.67±120.11)ms) ( t=2.179, 3.588; both P<0.05). The MA-dependent waiting group had a longer post-test reaction time of endogenous alertness and temporary alertness(323.18±83.28)ms, (302.74±82.75)ms) compared with the pre-test ((285.35±51.43)ms, (271.21±61.42)ms) ( t=-2.752, -2.664; both P<0.05) and the post-test reaction time of concentration ((402.76±74.34)ms) was shorter than that of the pre-test ((457.68±146.29)ms)( t=2.431, P<0.05). The MA-dependent intervention group had longer endogenous alertness, temporary alertness, and pre-test reaction time of concentration ((264.57±41.41)ms, (265.70±37.84)ms, (428.67±120.11)ms)compared with the normal control group( t=2.083, 2.841, 3.230; all P<0.05). The post-test of endogenous alertness ((264.10±38.98)ms) was longer than that of the normal control group ( t=2.082, P<0.05). Conclusion:The cognitive training based on the CogniPlus system has a certain effect on the attention maintenance or recovery of MA-dependent female youth.It can be used as an intervention measure for cognitive impairment of drug addicts and help them healthy return to society.

Study on the construction of cognitive training program for elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment based on horticultural therapy theory / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To construct a cognitive training program suitable for elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment based on horticultural therapy, so as to effectively slow down the cognitive decline of patients with mild cognitive impairment.Methods:Through searching the Chinese and English database literature of cognitive intervention from July 2000 to July 2020 and field visits to nursing homes, the draft intervention plan was formed. Two rounds of focus group interview were held to consult experts in cognitive impairment and geriatric care, etc., and to revise the intervention plan.Results:In the two rounds of focus group interview, the expert positive coefficient was 100%, the expert judgment basis was 0.84, the expert familiarity degree was 0.84, and the expert authority coefficient was 0.84. In the end, a 10-week cognitive intervention program targeting six cognitive domains -- "visuospatial/executive ability", "memory ability", "language ability", "attention ability", "abstract ability" and "naming ability" was formed, and the implementation steps of the program were improved.Conclusions:The construction process of cognitive training program for patients with mild cognitive impairment based on horticultural therapy theory is rigorous, scientific and feasible, and can be used to guide the cognitive training of patients with mild cognitive impairment.

Entrenamiento de la memoria de trabajo en la enfermedad vascular cerebral: revisión sistemática / Working Memory Training after cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review / Treinamento Da Memória Operacional Na Doença Cerebrovascular: Revisão Sistemática

Objetivo: mejorar la independencia funcional de los pacientes con enfermedad vascular cerebral (EVC) es uno de los objetivos que se plantean los equipos de rehabilitación física y cognitiva. Uno de los modelos que podría dar respuesta a este objetivo es el entrenamiento cognitivo de la memoria de trabajo (MT). Aunque esta estrategia se viene estudiando desde hace 20 años, aún es necesario realizar un estudio de revisión sistemática que permita conocer con claridad los efectos del entrenamiento cognitivo computarizado de la MT en el funcionamiento de la vida diaria en pacientes con EVC isquémica. Metodología: para ello, se creó una ecuación de búsqueda para aplicar en la base de datos Web of Science (WoS), en el rango temporal desde enero de 2010 a enero de 2019. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis bibliométrico con el objetivo de identificar los autores y revistas más importantes sobre el tema de investigación. Finalmente, el reporte cronológico identifica la evolución y avances del impacto de los entrenamientos de la memoria de trabajo en la EVC. Resultados: se encontraron tres enfoques relacionados con: efectos de un programa de realidad virtual en las actividades de la vida diaria, efectos del entrenamiento de la MT en la plasticidad cerebral y efectos del entrenamiento cognitivo de la MT en las actividades de la vida diaria. Conclusión: se ha propuesto el desempeño cognitivo como uno de los componentes más importantes del funcionamiento en la vida diaria, particularmente la MT como mediador entre los programas de entrenamiento cognitivo y las habilidades funcionales. Los entrenamientos cognitivos reducen el deterioro cognitivo y el riesgo de demencia. Sin embargo, los beneficios de un entrenamiento cognitivo se limitan a dominios muy similares a los entrenados (transferencia cercana, más que lejana).

Objective: improving functional independence of patients with cerebrovascular disease has become one of the main goals for physical and cognitive rehabilitation teams. A well-known framework that addresses this issue is Working Memory Training. Although this model has been studied for more than twenty years, a systematic review on the effects of Working Memory Training after ischemic stroke and its impact on everyday functioning is still needed. Methodology: thus, a search equation has been proposed on Web of Science database from January 2010 to January 2019. Then, a bibliometric analysis presents the most important authors and journals in the research topic. Finally, a chronological report shows advanced research lines and effects of Working Memory Training in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Results:these findings showed 3 approaches related to the following: effects of virtual reality-based programs on everyday functioning, effects of Working Memory Training on brain plasticity, and effects of Working Memory Training on everyday life. Conclusion: cognitive performance has been proposed to be one of the most important components of functioning in daily life. Working Memory has been shown to strongly mediate between cognitive training and functional abilities. Cognitive training is asso-ciated with less cognitive decline and reduced risk of dementia. However, the benefits from cognitive training may be limited to highly similar domains (close transfer rather than far transfer).

Introdução: melhorar a independência funcional do paciente com doença cerebrovas-cular (DCV) é um dos objetivos traçados pelas equipes de reabilitação física e cognitiva. Um dos modelos que poderia responder a esse objetivo é o treinamento cognitivo da memória de trabalho (MT).Objetivo: embora essa estratégia seja estudada há 20 anos, ainda é necessário realizar um estudo de revisão sistemática que nos permita conhecer claramente os efeitos do treinamento cognitivo computadorizado da MT no funcionamento da vida diária em pacientes com DCV isquêmica.Metodologia: para isso, foi criada uma equação de busca a ser aplicada na base de dados Web of Science (WoS), no período de janeiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2019. Pos-teriormente, é realizada uma análise bibliométrica a fim de identificar os autores mais importantes e periódicos sobre o tema de pesquisa. Por fim, o relatório cronológico identifica a evolução e a evolução do impacto do treino da memória de trabalho no CVS.Resultados: foram encontradas três abordagens relacionadas a: efeitos de um programa de realidade virtual nas atividades da vida diária, efeitos do treinamento da MT na plas-ticidade cerebral e efeitos do treinamento cognitivo da MT nas atividades da vida diária.Conclusão: o desempenho cognitivo tem sido proposto como um dos componentes mais importantes do funcionamento na vida diária, particularmente a MT como media-dor entre programas de treinamento cognitivo e habilidades funcionais. O treinamento cognitivo reduz o declínio cognitivo e o risco de demência. No entanto, os benefícios do treinamento cognitivo são limitados a domínios muito semelhantes aos treinados (transferência próxima, em vez de distante).

CBT based comprehensive psychotherapy in an elderly female with resistant chronic depression.

Background: The population of the elderly has been on the rise in recent years and this demographic trend is likely to continue. Depression tends to be common in the elderly. Further it is possible that cognitive abilities start deteriorating as a result of depression and even more so due to several changes that are already occurring. This may impact an individual’s cognition, functionality, and autonomy, may progress from a subclinical level to a pathological level if not intervened early. Medications work to reduce symptom severity but sometimes patients become resistant to it and other interventions have to be used. CBT techniques have been found to be effective to treat depression and further efficacy of reminiscence therapy for older adults with mild to moderate depression has been established. Method: The present study was undertaken with the objective of establishing the efficacy of a comprehensive psychotherapy program for an elderly woman, aged 66 years, who presented with a diagnosis of chronic depression, along with chronic pain and sub clinical cognitive limitations. Techniques of CBT, reminiscence therapy and cognitive training was carried out for 8 weekly sessions. Results: The outcome of the intervention showed improvements in overall functioning along with generalization of the training, thereby implicating the effectiveness of the intervention. Conclusion: Thus, it is important to promote active aging, fostering healthy mental functioning and training the cognitive capabilities, to avoid pathological aging or reducing its impact

Cognitive training on the solving of mathematical problems: an EEG study in young men / Entrenamiento cognitivo en la resolución de problemas matemáticos: un estudio de EEG en hombres jóvenes

Abstract. Objective. This study characterized the electroencephalographic correlation (rEEG) between prefrontal and parietalcortices in young men while solving logical-mathematical problems after 18 sessions of cognitive training. Method. Two training groups were formed: one trained with gradually increased complexity (CT), the other with no increase in complexity (ST). Results. CT had a greater number of correct responses in the post-training evaluation than ST and showed a higher correlation between the left frontopolar-parietal cortices in almost all EEG bands, and between the dorsolateral-parietal cortices in the alpha1 band while solving math problems post-training. Results suggest that major functional synchronization between the left prefrontal and parietal cortices plays an important role in improving mathematical problem-solving after cognitive training.

Resumen Objetivo. El presente estudio caracteriza la correlación electroencefalográfica (rEEG) entre las cortezas prefrontal y parietal en hombres jóvenes durante la resolución de problemas lógico-matemáticos después de 18 sesiones de entrenamiento cognitivo. Método. Se formaron dos grupos de entrenamiento: uno entrenado con un incremento gradual de complejidad (CT) y el otro sin incremento de complejidad (ST). Resultados. El grupo CT presentó un mayor número de respuestas correctas que el grupo ST en la evaluación post entrenamiento, a su vez mostró un incremento en la correlación entre las cortezas frontopolar y parietal izquierdas en la mayoría de las bandas, así como entre las cortezas dorsolateral y parietal en la banda alfa1 durante la resolución de problemas posterior al entrenamiento. Los resultados sugieren que el incremento en la sincronización funcional entre las cortezas prefrontal y parietal izquierdas juega un rol importante en la resolución de problemas matemáticos después del entrenamiento cognitivo.

Efectos del entrenamiento cognitivo en la autopercepción cognitiva de una muestra de adultos mayores del norte de Chile / Effects of cognitive training on cognitive self-perception of a sample of older adults from northern Chile

Antecedentes y objetivo: El entrenamiento cognitivo puede tener repercusiones positivas en el proceso de envejecimiento, numerosos estudios evidencian el efecto positivo que produce. El objetivo de esta investigación es detrerminar si existe variabilidad positiva en la autopercepción cognitiva de los adultos mayores posterior a la aplicación de un programa de entrenamiento cognitivo. Materiales y Método: La investigación es de tipo cuantitativa, enmarcada en un diseño preexperimental dada la necesidad de valorar y comparar la autopercepción de los participantes pre y post entrenamiento cognitivo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 14 adultos mayores residentes en la zona norte de Chile. Luego de establecer el cumplimiento de todos los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se procedió a la aplicación de un programa de entrenamiento cognitivo intensivo de 15 sesiones con una duración estimada de 20 minutos por sesión que fueron realizadas de forma diaria, en las sesiones se trabajó de forma equitativa actividades de memoria de trabajo, atención, fluidez verbal y flexibilidad cognitiva. Resultados: Se establece que existe una diferenciación significativa en la autopercepción de las habilidades cognitivas (t = 0.036) pre y post entrenamiento cognitivo. Conclusiones: En la actualidad se conoce la repercusión que tienen los programas de estimulación cognitiva desde un enfoque rehabilitador, pero limitados solo a medidas diagnósticas clínicas, sin embargo, la calidad de vida siempre involucra aspectos subjetivos que pueden ser obtenidos del autoreporte como ocurre con las encuestas de autopercepción.

Background and objective: Cognitive training can have a positive impact on the aging process, numerous studies show the positive effect it produces. The objective of this research is to determine whether there is positive variability in the cognitive self-perception of older adults after the application of a cognitive training program. Materials and Method: The research is quantitative, framed in a pre-experimental design given the need to assess and compare the self-perception of the participants before and after cognitive training. The sample consisted of 14 older adults residing in the northern part of Chile. After establishing compliance with all the inclusion and exclusion criteria, an intensive cognitive training program of 15 sessions with an estimated duration of 20 minutes per session was applied, which were carried out on a daily basis. equitably activities of working memory, attention, verbal fluency and cognitive flexibility. Results: It is established that there is a significant differentiation in the self-perception of cognitive abilities (t = 0.036) before and after cognitive training. Conclusions: At present, the repercussion that cognitive stimulation programs have from a rehabilitative approach is known, but limited only to clinical diagnostic measures, however, quality of life always involves subjective aspects that can be obtained from self-report as occurs with self- perception surveys.

Intervention effect of adaptive computerized cognitive training in patients with mild cognitive impairment / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of the adaptive computerized cognitive training(ACCT) on patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI).Methods:A total of 114 patients with mild cognitive impairment (53 cases in the treatment group and 61 cases in the observation group) were selected.In the treatment group, routine treatment combined with ACCT were given for 24 weeks, then routine treatment only for 24 weeks, 48 weeks altogether. In the observation group, routine treatment was given for 48 weeks.At week 0, 24, 48, both groups were assessed by scales including: mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA), numerical memory span test, activities of daily living, Hamilton depression scale(HAMD)and Hamilton anxiety scale(HAMA). SAS 9.4 was used for statistical analysis.The data were analyzed by χ 2 test, rank sum test and multi-level model analysis. Results:Interactions between group and time on MMSE( treatment group: 0 week 22.0 (21.0, 23.0), 24 weeks 24.0 (24.0, 25.0), 48 weeks 25.0 (24.0, 26.0); observation group: 0 week 23.0 (21.0, 24.0), 24 weeks 23.0 (21.0, 24.0), 48 weeks 23.0 (21.0, 24.0)), MoCA( treatment group: 0 week 18.0 (17.0, 20.0), 24 weeks 22.0 (20.0, 23.0), 48 weeks 22.0 (20.0, 24.0); observation group: 0 week 19.0 (17.0, 20.0), 24 weeks 19.0 (18.0, 20.0), 48 weeks 19.0 (18.0, 20.0)), IADL( treatment group: 0 week 11.0 (10.0, 13.0), 24 weeks 12.0 (10.0, 12.0), 48 weeks 12.0 (10.0, 12.0); observation group: 0 week 12.0 (11.0, 13.0), 24 weeks 11.0 (10.0, 12.0), 48 weeks 11.0 (10.0, 12.0)), DST-forwards and HAMD scores were significant(all P<0.05), and DST-backwards had significant group main effect ( P<0.05). Further simple effect analysis showed that the influence of group and time on MMSE, MoCA and DST-forwards were statistically significant (all P<0.05), and the influence of time on IADL and HAMD were statistically significant (both P<0.05). Further comparison of the difference between the two groups at each time point: D-value of MMSE, MoCA, DST-forwards, and DST-backwards score in the treatment group were higher than those in the observation group, while D-value of HAMD score was lower than that in the observation group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion:ACCT may have long term effect on improving the cognitive function and depression of MCI patients.

Review of cognitive enhancement techniques based on the combination of cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation / 生物医学工程学杂志

Cognitive enhancement refers to the technology of enhancing or expanding the cognitive and emotional abilities of people without psychosis based on relevant knowledge of neurobiology. The common methods of cognitive enhancement include transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cognitive training (CT). tDCS takes effect quickly, with a short effective time, while CT takes longer to work, requiring several weeks of training, with a longer effective time. In recent years, some researchers have begun to use the method of tDCS combined with CT to regulate the cognitive function. This paper will sort out and summarize this topic from five aspects: perception, attention, working memory, decision-making and other cognitive abilities. Finally, the application prospect and challenges of technology are prospected.

The impact of aerobic exercise combined and computer cognitive training on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To investigate the changes of cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment after aerobic exercise combined and computer cognitive training.@*Methods@#Four hundred and twenty patients were divided into two groups by random digits table method. The control group(200 cases) received general health education and rehabilitation training. The intervention group(220 cases) received aerobic exercise combined and computer cognitive training. The patients were assessed with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to evaluate their cognition before training, as well as after training.@*Results@#After intervention, the scores of the MoCA total score, naming, attention, language, memory, and orientation in the intervention group were 24.12 ± 2.18, 2.77 ± 0.42, 5.05 ± 0.88, 2.75 ± 0.56, 3.18 ± 0.91, 4.68 ± 0.87, the control group were 21.13 ± 2.13, 2.45 ± 0.56, 4.71 ± 1.10, 2.35 ± 0.69, 2.43 ± 0.81, 4.48 ± 0.96. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups (t=-11.278~-0.543, P<0.05 or 0.01). After intervention, there were no significant differences in the scores of the visual space and abstraction between the two groups (P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#The application of aerobic exercise combined and computer cognitive training could improve the cognitive function.

Cognitive intervention for mild cognitive impairment / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Compared with age-matched controls,mild cognitive impairment (MCI) populations are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD).There is no consensus that any pharmacological treatment can improve MCI,thus it is plausible to turn attention to cognitive interventions.This paper reviewed the prior researches on cognitive stimulation,cognitive training,and cognitive rehabilitation for MCI based on the categories defined by Clare and Woods in order to clarify the effect of these interventions on improving cognitive function in MCI individuals.The results indicate that cognitive interventions may improve multiple cognitive domains including memory performance,executive functions,processing speed,attention,and social functions in adults with MCI,while the mechanism remains unclear.It suggested that further studies should examine the mechanism of cognitive intervention by applying neuroscience technology and strengthening the control of heterogeneity of the etiologies and symptoms of MCI,and improve the clinical effect by combining cognitive stimulation,cognitive training,and cognitive rehabilitation.

Efficacy of Cognitive Health Promotion Workbook for Community-Dwelling Elderlies with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia Performed by Trained Dementia Partners

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of cognitive health promotion workbook for community-dwelling elderlies with mild cognitive impairment and dementia performed by trained dementia partners. METHODS: The trained dementia partners performed cognitive training program with the workbook developed by Incheon Metropolitan Dementia Center to 36 participants with mild cognitive impairment or dementia at their home. The cognitive training program consisted of 60-minute sessions held twice weekly for 10 weeks. We evaluated their cognitive performances at baseline and after intervention. Pre- and post-intervention measures included Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination for Dementia Screening (MMSE-DS), Global Deterioration Scale, Korea Activities of Daily Living Scale, Korea Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, Korean Version of Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS-K) and Korean Quality of Life-Alzheimer's Disease (KQoL-AD). RESULTS: Participants showed significant improvements compared with their baseline in MMSE-DS (p=0.002), SGDS-K (p=0.001) and KQoL-AD (p<0.001). There were no significant differences of improvement between high cognitive function group (MMSE ≤20, n=16) and low cognitive function group (MMSE ≤20, n=20). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the cognitive training program with cognitive health promotion workbook can improve cognitive function, quality of life and depression for community-dwelling elderlies with mild cognitive impairment and dementia and it would be efficient that trained dementia partners perform the cognitive training program regularly at their home.

Implementing Effective Exercise and Cognitive Training Interventions in the Community for the Prevention of Dementia / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

The prevention of dementia is an important issue that should be addressed in Japan. To prevent dementia, it is important to implement interventions (e.g., exercise or cognitive training) for the healthy community-dwelling elderly. However, such interventions are not always evidence-based. In this review, we evaluated exercise and cognitive training intervention protocols for the prevention of dementia based on recent findings. In addition, we proposed specific methods for implementing such interventions in the community.

Effect of cognitive stimulation workshops on the self-esteem and cognition of the elderly: a pilot project / Efeito das oficinas de estimulação cognitiva na autoestima e cognição do idoso: um projeto piloto

ABSTRACT According to the WHO, by 2025 Brazil will be ranked sixth in the world in terms of proportion of elderly in the population. Within this scope, cognition plays a central role in the aging process, having an important association with quality of life, which suggests the need to develop intervention programs, such as cognitive training. Objective: To determine the effects of a program of cognitive stimulation workshops on the self-esteem and cognition of elderly people. Methods: Thirty-eight elderly subjects completed the three-step protocol: 1) Survey of demographic data and evaluation of cognition by a neuropsychological battery and of self-esteem using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS), prior to training; 2) Participation in twelve cognitive stimulation workshops; and 3) Cognitive evaluation and RSS after the training. Results: Results showed that the use of training produced positive effects on cognitive test performance of the elderly with and without cognitive impairment. By extension, this demonstrates positive impact on their self-esteem. Conclusion: These findings encourage investment in cognitive stimulation programs as a resource for improved cognition and quality of life for the elderly. Subjective cognitive complaint may have served as a predictor of decreased self-esteem; therefore, as training improved cognition, it also improved self-esteem.

RESUMO Segundo a OMS, em 2025 o Brasil ficará em sexto lugar no ranking mundial em termos de proporção de idosos na população. Nesse âmbito, a cognição desempenha um papel central no processo de envelhecimento, tendo uma importante associação com a qualidade de vida, o que sugere a necessidade de desenvolver programas de intervenção, como o treinamento cognitivo. Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos de um programa de oficinas de estimulação cognitiva na autoestima e cognição de idosos. Métodos: Trinta e oito idosos completaram o protocolo de três etapas: 1) Levantamento de dados demográficos e avaliação da cognição por uma bateria neuropsicológica e de autoestima utilizando a Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (RSS), antes do treinamento; 2) Participação em doze oficinas de estimulação cognitiva; e 3) Avaliação cognitiva e RSS após o treinamento. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que o uso de treinamento produziu efeitos positivos no desempenho do teste cognitivo de idosos com e sem comprometimento cognitivo. Por extensão, isso demonstra um impacto positivo em sua autoestima. Conclusão: Estes resultados encorajam o investimento em programas de estimulação cognitiva como um recurso para melhorar a cognição e a qualidade de vida dos idosos. Queixa cognitiva subjetiva pode ter servido como um preditor de diminuição da autoestima; portanto, como o treinamento melhorou a cognição, também melhorou a autoestima.

Cognitive interventions to improve memory in healthy older adults: the use of Canadian (MEMO) and Brazilian (Stimullus) approaches / Intervenções cognitivas no aprimoramento da memória em idosos saudáveis: o uso de metodologias canadense (MEMO) e brasileira (Stimullus) / Intervenciones cognitivas para mejorar la memoria en ancianos saludables: el uso de metodologías canadiense (MEMO) y brasileña (Stimullus)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a memory training (MEMO) and a memory stimulation (Stimullus) procedure in older adults with normal cognitive aging. The study was conducted with 44 participants of both sexes, healthy and over 60 years old, using a randomized control trial design with two groups receiving cognitive interventions and one control group with no intervention, with pre and post-intervention assessments. Results indicated that MEMO interventions produce more cognitive gains than the Stimullus intervention procedure. Visual memory and Face-Name Association tests presented significant differences between groups, but Free Recall and Image Recognition tests were insensitive to the interventions.

Este estudo investigou os efeitos de um treino de memória (MEMO) e de uma estimulação da memória (Stimullus) em idosos com envelhecimento cognitivo normal. O estudo foi realizado com 44 participantes de ambos os sexos, saudáveis e com mais de 60 anos de idade. Aplicou-se um delineamento controlado randomizado com dois grupos que receberam intervenções cognitivas e um grupo controle sem intervenção, com avaliações pré e pós-intervenção. Os resultados demonstraram que a intervenção do tipo MEMO produziu mais ganhos cognitivos do que Stimullus. O teste de memória visual e o teste de associação nome-rosto apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos, mas os testes de recuperação livre de palavras e reconhecimento de imagens não foram sensíveis às intervenções.

Este estudio investigó los efectos de un entrenamiento de la memoria (MEMO) y una estimulación de la memoria (Stimullus) en pacientes de edad avanzada con el envejecimiento cognitivo normal. El estudio se realizó con 44 participantes de ambos sexos, saludables y con más de 60 años. Se aplicó un diseño aleatorizado controlado con dos grupos que recibieron las intervenciones cognitivas y un grupo de control sin intervención, con las evaluaciones previas y posteriores a la intervención. Los resultados mostraron que la intervención del tipo MEMO produjo más beneficios cognitivas que Stimullus. La prueba de memoria y asociación rostro-nombre visual mostró diferencias significativas entre los grupos, pero las pruebas de recuperación de palabras e reconocimiento de imágenes no fueron sensibles a las intervenciones.